Transformations of the Piazza San Marco in Venice that preserve structural wholeness over about 200 years, part of a larger series over 1,000 years as shown by Christopher Alexander in his book, “The Nature of Order” (Volume 2, page 254).

At every step in its history, the city was a complete whole — not an incomplete set of parts waiting to be assembled.

  • Salingaros, Nikos A., and Michael W. Mehaffy. "Ch 09. The Transformation of Wholes" In Design for a Living Planet: Settlement, Science, & the Human Future. Design for a Living Planet: Settlement, Science, & the Human Future. Levellers/Sustasis Press and Vajra Publications, 2015. Digital Library
Christopher Alexander

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